| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled as on Jun 1, 1988: | Tanasee ; Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept |
| Revised to correlated: | Tanasee ; Fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts |
| United States Department of Agriculture | ||||
| SSL | - | Project | CP88NC226 NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAIN SOILS | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
| - | Site ID | S1988NC121001 Lat: 36° 5' 15.99" north Long: 82° 7' 49.01" west MLRA: 130 | National Soil Survey Center | |
| - | Pedon No. | 88P0875 | Soil Survey Laboratory | |
| - | General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B | Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 | ||
| Layer | Horizon | Orig Hzn | Depth (cm) | Field Label 1 | Field Label 2 | Field Label 3 | Field Texture | Lab Texture |
| 88P04731 | Oi | OI | 5-3 | |||||
| 88P04732 | Oe | OE | 3-0 | |||||
| 88P04733 | A1 | A1 | 0-13 | FSL | SIL | |||
| 88P04734 | A2 | A2 | 13-33 | FSL | L | |||
| 88P04735 | AB | AB | 33-48 | L | FSL | |||
| 88P04736 | Bw1 | Bw1 | 48-86 | L | SL | |||
| 88P04737 | Bw2 | Bw2 | 86-127 | L | SL | |||
| 88P04738 | BC | BC | 127-178 | SL | COSL | |||
| 88P04739 | C1 | C1 | 178-208 | SL | COSL | |||
| 88P04740 | C2 | C2 | 208-233 | SL | LCOS | |||
| Pedon Calculations | |||
| Calculation Name | Result | Units of Measure | |
| CEC Activity, CEC7/Clay, Weighted Average | 1.83 | (NA) | |
| Clay, carbonate free, Weighted Average | 12 | % wt | |
| Weighted Particles, 0.1-75mm, 75 mm Base | 60 | % wt | |
| Volume, >2mm, Weighted Average | 19 | % vol | |
| Clay, total, Weighted Average | 12 | % wt | |
| Weighted averages based on control section: 25-100 cm | |||
| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled As | : | Tanasee | Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept | ||
| USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 88P0875 | |||
| PSDA & Rock Fragments | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
| (- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Rock Fragments (mm) ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Lab | Clay | Silt | Sand | Fine | CO3 | Fine | Coarse | VF | F | M | C | VC | (- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -) | >2 mm | |||||||
| Text- | < | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | .1- | wt % | ||||
| Depth | ure | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | -5 | -20 | -75 | 75 | whole | |||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -) | soil | |||||||||||||||
| 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3B1 | 3B1 | 3B1 | |||||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | -- | -- | -- | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | -- | 4 | -- | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | sil | 17.8 | 50.8 | 31.4 | 5.0 | 36.3 | 14.5 | 9.6 | 7.9 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 28 | 8 | |
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | l | 8.3 | 44.1 | 47.6 | 27.2 | 16.9 | 21.6 | 12.6 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 2 | 5 | -- | 32 | 7 | ||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | fsl | 6.8 | 37.2 | 56.0 | 0.1 | 23.4 | 13.8 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 5 | 6 | 20 | 58 | 31 | |
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | sl | 14.9 | 32.3 | 52.8 | 23.3 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 13.3 | 3 | 8 | 23 | 62 | 34 | ||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | sl | 10.8 | 28.5 | 60.7 | 1.1 | 19.2 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 13.3 | 9.8 | 8 | 12 | 24 | 72 | 44 | |
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | cosl | 7.7 | 22.5 | 69.8 | 14.0 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 11.0 | 14.6 | 24.2 | 17 | 14 | 1 | 73 | 32 | ||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | cosl | 5.7 | 19.7 | 74.6 | 1.9 | 12.0 | 7.7 | 10.2 | 14.7 | 12.8 | 18.5 | 18.4 | 9 | 4 | -- | 69 | 13 | |
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | lcos | 4.1 | 14.8 | 81.1 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 9.0 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 16.6 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 77 | 16 | ||
| Bulk Density & Moisture | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
| (Bulk Density) | Cole | (- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Air Dry-Oven Dry ) | WRD | Aggst | ||||||||||||
| 33 | Oven | Whole | 6 | 10 | 33 | 1500 | 1500 kPa | (- - - - Ratio - - - -) | Whole | Stabl | (- - Ratio/Clay - -) | ||||||
| Depth | kPa | Dry | Soil | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | Moist | Corrected | Soil | 2-0.5mm | CEC7 | 1500 kPa | ||||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - g cm-3 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm3 cm-3 | % | ||||||||||
| 4A1d | 4A1h | 4B1c | 3C2a1a | 3D1 | 4C1 | 3F1a1a | 8D1 | 8D1 | |||||||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | 77.7 | 1.051 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | 61.6 | 1.054 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.156 | 80.8 | 26.7 | 1.042 | 0.34 | 95 | 2.37 | 1.50 | ||||
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | 0.66 | 1.12 | 0.188 | 85.5 | 22.5 | 1.041 | 0.41 | 91 | 4.48 | 2.71 | ||||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | 0.97 | 1.33 | 0.092 | 52.6 | 17.0 | 1.033 | 0.29 | 3.51 | 2.50 | |||||
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | 1.30 | 1.37 | 0.014 | 35.3 | 13.6 | 1.020 | 0.23 | 0.90 | 0.91 | |||||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | 1.40 | 1.45 | 0.008 | 29.5 | 10.6 | 1.016 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 0.98 | |||||
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | 1.41 | 1.44 | 0.006 | 22.2 | 7.6 | 1.011 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 0.99 | |||||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | 1.54 | 1.57 | 0.006 | 19.9 | 5.9 | 1.006 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 1.04 | |||||
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | 4.9 | 1.005 | 0.83 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled As | : | Tanasee | Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept | ||
| USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 88P0875 | |||
| Carbon & Extractions | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | |||
| (- - - - - Total - - - - -) | Est | OC | C/N | (- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -) | (- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -) | (- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -) | ||||||||||||||||
| Depth | C | N | S | OC | (WB) | Ratio | Fe | Al | Mn | Al+½Fe | ODOE | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | C | Fe | Al | Mn | |||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
| 6A2d | 6B3a | 6R3a | 6A1c | 6C2b | 6G7a | 6D2a | 8J | 6C9a | 6G12 | 6V2 | 6D5b | 6C8a | 6G10 | |||||||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | 44.48 | 2.288 | 0.18 | 56.91 | 25 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 197.3 | |||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | 31.71 | 1.926 | 0.20 | 38.12 | 20 | 0.56 | 0.99 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 86.6 | |||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | 0.799 | 0.10 | 10.83 | 14 | 4.5 | 1.5 | tr | 2.69 | 0.81 | 2.64 | 1.37 | 0.04 | 222.2 | 2.6 | 1.7 | ||||
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | 0.569 | 7.89 | 14 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 2.77 | 0.66 | 2.54 | 1.50 | 0.07 | 371.4 | 2.5 | 1.9 | |||||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | 0.269 | 0.05 | 4.00 | 15 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 2.47 | 0.39 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 0.21 | 326.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | ||||
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | 0.65 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.71 | 0.15 | 1.38 | 1.02 | 0.24 | 988.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | |||||||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | 0.06 | 0.28 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.37 | 0.10 | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 1292.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||||||
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | 0.13 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | 0.05 | 0.7 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||||||
| CEC & Bases | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
| (- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -) | CEC8 | CEC7 | ECEC | (- - - - Base - - - -) | |||||||||||||
| Sum | Acid- | Extr | KCl | Sum | NH4 | Bases | Al | (- Saturation -) | |||||||||
| Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Bases | ity | Al | Mn | Cats | OAC | +Al | Sat | Sum | NH4OAC | |||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
| 6N2e | 6O2d | 6P2b | 6Q2b | 6H5a | 6G9b | 6D3 | 5A3a | 5A8b | 5A3b | 5G1 | 5C3 | 5C1 | |||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | 21.0 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 91.6 | |||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | 7.2 | 1.6 | -- | 0.6 | 59.2 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 88.4 | ||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | 0.3 | 0.2 | -- | 0.2 | 0.7 | 62.1 | 10.1 | 2.2 | 62.8 | 42.2 | 10.8 | 94 | 1 | 2 |
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | 0.2 | 0.1 | -- | 0.1 | 0.4 | 46.1 | 6.2 | 1.0 | 46.5 | 37.2 | 6.6 | 94 | 1 | 1 |
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | 0.1 | 0.1 | -- | tr | 0.2 | 35.2 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 35.4 | 23.9 | 3.2 | 94 | 1 | 1 |
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | 0.4 | 0.1 | -- | -- | 0.5 | 17.0 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 17.5 | 13.4 | 2.2 | 77 | 3 | 4 |
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | 0.5 | 0.2 | -- | tr | 0.7 | 12.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 2.0 | 65 | 5 | 6 |
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | 0.5 | 0.1 | tr | tr | 0.6 | 7.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 60 | 8 | 8 |
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | 0.6 | 0.2 | -- | tr | 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 50 | 15 | 16 |
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | 0.5 | 0.2 | -- | tr | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 46 | 18 | 21 |
| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled As | : | Tanasee | Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept | ||
| USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 88P0875 | |||
| Salt | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | -20- | |||
| (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | 1:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Elec | Elec | Exch | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | CO3 | HCO3 | F | Cl | PO4 | Br | OAC | SO4 | NO2 | NO3 | H2O | Salts | Cond | Cond | Na | SAR | |||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - % - - - -) | (- - dS m-1 - -) | % | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
| pH & Carbonates | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | |||
| (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - Carbonate - -) | (- - Gypsum - - -) | ||||||||||||
| CaCl2 | As CaCO3 | As CaSO4*2H2O | Resist | |||||||||||
| Depth | 0.01M | H2O | Sat | <2mm | <20mm | <2mm | <20mm | ohms | ||||||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | KCl | 1:2 | 1:1 | Paste | Oxid | NaF | (- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm-1 | |||
| 4C1a2a | 4C1a2a | 4C1a1a1 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | 6.2 | ||||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | 3.3 | 4.8 | 6.0 | ||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | 3.9 | 4.9 | 9.8 | ||||||||
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | 4.3 | 4.5 | 10.9 | ||||||||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | 4.5 | 5.0 | 11.3 | ||||||||
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | 4.6 | 4.9 | 10.5 | ||||||||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | 4.6 | 5.2 | 10.2 | ||||||||
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | 4.6 | 5.4 | 9.9 | ||||||||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | 4.4 | 4.9 | 8.5 | ||||||||
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | 4.4 | 5.0 | 8.0 | ||||||||
| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled As | : | Tanasee | Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept | ||
| USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 88P0875 | |||
| Organic | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | |||
| Mineral | OM | OM+ | (- Total -) | Fiber Content | NaPyro | Decomp | Limnic | (- - pH - -) | (- - Bulk Density - -) | Proj | ||||||||||
| Depth | Content | TC*1.724 | Min | C | N | C/N | Unrub | Rub | Color | State | Matter | CaCl2 | H2O | 33 kPa | 33 kPa rewet | OD | Subs | |||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ratio | % (by vol) | g cm-3 | cm cm-1 | ||||||||||||
| 5A | 6A2d | 6B3a | 4C1a2a | |||||||||||||||||
| 88P04731 | 5-3 | Oi | S | 6 | 44.48 | 2.288 | 25 | |||||||||||||
| 88P04732 | 3-0 | Oe | S | 25 | 31.71 | 1.926 | 20 | 4.8 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0-13 | A1 | S | 0.799 | 14 | 4.9 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 88P04734 | 13-33 | A2 | S | 0.569 | 14 | 4.5 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 88P04735 | 33-48 | AB | S | 0.269 | 15 | 5.0 | 14 | |||||||||||||
| 88P04736 | 48-86 | Bw1 | S | 4.9 | 20 | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04737 | 86-127 | Bw2 | S | 5.2 | 29 | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04738 | 127-178 | BC | S | 5.4 | 20 | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04739 | 178-208 | C1 | S | 4.9 | 8 | |||||||||||||||
| 88P04740 | 208-233 | C2 | S | 5.0 | 9 | |||||||||||||||
| *** Primary Characterization Data *** |
| Pedon ID: 88NC121001 | ( Mitchell, North Carolina ) | Print Date: Nov 26 2024 10:24PM |
| Sampled As | : | Tanasee | Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplumbrept | ||
| USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 88P0875 | |||
| Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
| X-Ray | Thermal | Elemental | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | Retn | preta | |||||||||||||
| Depth | Fract | 7A2i | 7C3 | tion | |||||||||||||||||
| Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
| 88P04733 | 0.0-13.0 | A1 | tcly | VR 1 | KK 1 | MI 1 | 13 | 6.9 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04735 | 33.0-48.0 | AB | tcly | GI 1 | KK 1 | VR 1 | MI 1 | 19 | 7.6 | 0.7 | |||||||||||
| 88P04737 | 86.0-127.0 | Bw2 | tcly | GI 2 | KK 2 | MI 1 | 25 | 10.0 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||
| 88P04739 | 178.0-208.0 | C1 | tcly | KK 3 | GI 2 | MI 1 | 25 | 5.4 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||
| FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
| tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm | ||||
| MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
| GI Gibbsite | KK Kaolinite | MI Mica | VR Vermiculite | |
| RELATIVE PEAK SIZE: | 5 Very Large | 4 Large | 3 Medium | 2 Small | 1 Very Small | 6 No Peaks |