*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:27AM |
Sampled as on Jul 30, 1990: | Monroe ; Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls |
Revised to correlated on Jan 1, 1992: | (unnamed) ; Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Torrifluventic Haploxeroll |
United States Department of Agriculture | ||||
SSL | - | Project | CP90UT249 CENTRAL UTAH | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
- | Site ID | S1990UT031001 Lat: 38° 10' 11.99" north Long: 112° 15' 2.99" west MLRA: 28A | National Soil Survey Center | |
- | Pedon No. | 90P1022 | Soil Survey Laboratory | |
- | General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B | Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 |
Layer | Horizon | Orig Hzn | Depth (cm) | Field Label 1 | Field Label 2 | Field Label 3 | Field Texture | Lab Texture |
90P06273 | Ap1 | Ap1 | 0-16 | L | FSL | |||
90P06274 | Ap2 | Ap2 | 16-28 | L | FSL | |||
90P06275 | A1 | A1 | 28-44 | L | FSL | |||
90P06276 | A2 | A2 | 44-63 | L | FSL | |||
90P06277 | Bw | Bw | 63-84 | SIL | SIL | |||
90P06278 | C1 | C1 | 84-92 | LS | LS | |||
90P06279 | C2 | C2 | 92-104 | SIL | L | |||
90P06280 | C3 | C3 | 104-146 | SIL | CL | |||
90P06281 | C4 | C4 | 146-170 | SIL | L |
Pedon Calculations | |||
Calculation Name | Result | Units of Measure | |
CEC Activity, CEC7/Clay, Weighted Average | 2.04 | (NA) | |
Clay, carbonate free, Weighted Average | 15 | % wt | |
Weighted Particles, 0.1-75mm, 75 mm Base | 36 | % wt | |
Volume, >2mm, Weighted Average | 1 | % vol | |
Clay, total, Weighted Average | 15 | % wt | |
LE, Whole Soil, Summed to 1m | 0 | cm/m | |
Weighted averages based on control section: 25-100 cm |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
PSDA & Rock Fragments | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Rock Fragments (mm) ) | |||||||||||||||||
Lab | Clay | Silt | Sand | Fine | CO3 | Fine | Coarse | VF | F | M | C | VC | (- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -) | >2 mm | |||||||
Text- | < | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | .1- | wt % | ||||
Depth | ure | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | -5 | -20 | -75 | 75 | whole | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -) | soil | |||||||||||||||
3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3B1 | 3B1 | 3B1 | ||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | fsl | 14.7 | 27.7 | 57.6 | 7.9 | 1.9 | 19.4 | 8.3 | 20.4 | 25.2 | 8.7 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | -- | 38 | 2 |
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | fsl | 13.9 | 24.7 | 61.4 | 8.2 | 1.3 | 15.7 | 9.0 | 21.3 | 26.8 | 9.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1 | 1 | -- | 41 | 2 |
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | fsl | 10.1 | 13.7 | 76.2 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 4.5 | 23.6 | 33.0 | 13.4 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 1 | tr | -- | 53 | 1 | |
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | fsl | 15.0 | 24.1 | 60.9 | 7.7 | 15.6 | 8.5 | 22.4 | 23.7 | 8.3 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 1 | tr | -- | 39 | 1 | |
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | sil | 19.4 | 54.9 | 25.7 | 5.7 | 40.6 | 14.3 | 12.5 | 8.4 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | tr | tr | -- | 14 | ||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | ls | 4.4 | 11.4 | 84.2 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 18.8 | 27.9 | 18.7 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 5 | 1 | -- | 68 | 6 | ||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | l | 20.3 | 47.3 | 32.4 | 32.7 | 14.6 | 17.7 | 11.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | tr | tr | -- | 15 | |||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | cl | 35.3 | 36.2 | 28.5 | 32.9 | 3.3 | 13.1 | 12.0 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | 15 | |||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | l | 23.6 | 43.4 | 33.0 | 32.4 | 11.0 | 15.5 | 11.5 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | tr | -- | -- | 18 |
Bulk Density & Moisture | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(Bulk Density) | Cole | (- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Air Dry-Oven Dry ) | WRD | Aggst | ||||||||||||
33 | Oven | Whole | 6 | 10 | 33 | 1500 | 1500 kPa | (- - - - Ratio - - - -) | Whole | Stabl | (- - Ratio/Clay - -) | ||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | Soil | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | Moist | Corrected | Soil | 2-0.5mm | CEC7 | 1500 kPa | ||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - g cm-3 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm3 cm-3 | % | ||||||||||
4A1d | 4A1h | 4B1c | 4B1c | 3C2a1a | 3D1 | 4C1 | 3F1a1a | 8D1 | 8D1 | ||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 1.47 | 1.58 | 0.024 | 18.7 | 15.8 | 8.8 | 1.017 | 0.10 | 52 | 1.37 | 0.60 | |||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 1.51 | 1.59 | 0.017 | 19.4 | 15.1 | 8.1 | 1.017 | 0.10 | 37 | 1.42 | 0.58 | |||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 1.45 | 1.51 | 0.013 | 16.2 | 12.7 | 6.7 | 1.015 | 0.09 | 11 | 1.85 | 0.66 | |||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 1.38 | 1.45 | 0.016 | 21.7 | 18.2 | 9.7 | 1.025 | 0.12 | 1.78 | 0.65 | ||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 1.14 | 1.22 | 0.023 | 37.3 | 31.6 | 13.4 | 1.038 | 0.21 | 2.00 | 0.69 | ||||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | 1.17 | 1.22 | 0.014 | 27.2 | 4.9 | 1.013 | 0.25 | 3.50 | 1.11 | |||||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | 1.11 | 1.25 | 0.040 | 32.6 | 13.4 | 1.036 | 0.21 | 1.89 | 0.66 | |||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 1.17 | 1.34 | 0.046 | 34.3 | 30.6 | 17.9 | 1.049 | 0.15 | 1.38 | 0.51 | ||||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | 20.9 | 1.039 | 1.67 | 0.89 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
Water Content | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | |||||||
(- - Atterberg - -) | (- - - - - Bulk Density - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||||||
(- - - Limits - - -) | Field | Recon | Recon | Field | Recon | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sieved Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
LL | PI | 33 | Oven | 33 | 6 | 10 | 33 | 100 | 200 | 500 | ||||||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | |||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | pct <0.4mm | (- - - - - - - - g cm-3 - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
3C1e1a | ||||||||||||||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 11.6 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 11.2 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 8.4 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 12.1 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 18.7 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 24.8 |
Carbon & Extractions | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - -) | Est | OC | C/N | (- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -) | (- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -) | (- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -) | ||||||||||||||||
Depth | C | N | S | OC | (WB) | Ratio | Fe | Al | Mn | Al+½Fe | ODOE | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | C | Fe | Al | Mn | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
6A2d | 6B3a | 6A1c | ||||||||||||||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 2.19 | 0.094 | 1.09 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 1.79 | 0.078 | 0.74 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 0.38 | 0.027 | 0.25 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 0.26 | 0.022 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 0.46 | 0.035 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||||||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | 0.08 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | 0.32 | 0.30 | |||||||||||||||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 0.37 | 0.36 | |||||||||||||||||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | 0.30 | 0.28 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
CEC & Bases | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -) | CEC8 | CEC7 | ECEC | (- - - - Base - - - -) | |||||||||||||
Sum | Acid- | Extr | KCl | Sum | NH4 | Bases | Al | (- Saturation -) | |||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Bases | ity | Al | Mn | Cats | OAC | +Al | Sat | Sum | NH4OAC | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
6N2e | 6O2d | 6P2b | 6Q2b | 6H5a | 5A3a | 5A8b | 5C3 | 5C1 | |||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 42.9* | 7.6 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 20.1 | 100 | 100 | |||||||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 44.3* | 7.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 19.7 | 100 | 100 | |||||||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 22.2* | 7.2 | 0.7 | 1.5 | -- | 18.7 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 21.6* | 8.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | -- | 26.7 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 36.2* | 11.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | -- | 38.8 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | 12.2* | 3.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | -- | 15.4 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | 26.8* | 10.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 38.3 | 99 | 100 | ||||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 32.9 | 13.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 48.7 | 98 | 99 | ||||||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | 26.4 | 10.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 38.4 | 0.7 | 39.1 | 39.5 | 98 | 97 |
Salt | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | -20- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | 1:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Elec | Elec | Exch | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | CO3 | HCO3 | F | Cl | PO4 | Br | OAC | SO4 | NO2 | NO3 | H2O | Salts | Cond | Cond | Na | SAR | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - % - - - -) | (- - dS m-1 - -) | % | |||||||||||||||
6N1b | 6O1b | 6P1b | 6Q1b | 6I1b | 6J1b | 6U1a | 6K1c | 6L1c | 6W1a | 6M1c | 8A | 8D5 | 8A3a | 4F1a1a1 | 5E | ||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 8.3 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 0.6 | -- | 10.0 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | -- | -- | 40.0 | tr | 1.50 | 0.46 | 2 | 1 | |||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 4.4 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 0.3 | -- | 8.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | -- | -- | 38.0 | tr | 0.89 | 0.30 | 3 | 1 | |||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 0.19 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 0.18 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 0.20 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | 0.12 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | 0.13 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 0.11 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | 0.09 | 3 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
pH & Carbonates | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - Carbonate - -) | (- - Gypsum - - -) | ||||||||||||
CaCl2 | As CaCO3 | As CaSO4*2H2O | Resist | |||||||||||
Depth | 0.01M | H2O | Sat | <2mm | <20mm | <2mm | <20mm | ohms | ||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | KCl | 1:2 | 1:1 | Paste | Oxid | NaF | (- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm-1 | |||
4C1a2a | 4C1a2a | 8C1b | 6E1g | |||||||||||
90P06273 | 0-16 | Ap1 | S | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 10 | |||||||
90P06274 | 16-28 | Ap2 | S | 7.5 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 8 | |||||||
90P06275 | 28-44 | A1 | S | 7.5 | 8.0 | 1 | ||||||||
90P06276 | 44-63 | A2 | S | 7.3 | 7.4 | tr | ||||||||
90P06277 | 63-84 | Bw | S | 7.5 | 8.0 | tr | ||||||||
90P06278 | 84-92 | C1 | S | 7.5 | 7.9 | -- | ||||||||
90P06279 | 92-104 | C2 | S | 7.0 | 7.6 | -- | ||||||||
90P06280 | 104-146 | C3 | S | 7.0 | 7.7 | -- | ||||||||
90P06281 | 146-170 | C4 | S | 6.6 | 7.2 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Elemental | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | Retn | preta | |||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7A2i | 7C3 | tion | |||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
90P06273 | 0.0-16.0 | Ap1 | tcly | MT 3 | MI 2 | KK 2 | CR 1 | QZ 1 | 12 | 7.3 | 2.5 | ||||||||||
90P06275 | 28.0-44.0 | A1 | tcly | MT 3 | MI 2 | KK 1 | CR 1 | QZ 1 | 9 | 7.1 | 2.8 | ||||||||||
90P06277 | 63.0-84.0 | Bw | tcly | MT 3 | MI 2 | CR 1 | 10 | 7.0 | 2.1 |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
CR Cristobalite | KK Kaolinite | MI Mica | MT Montmorillonite | QZ Quartz |
RELATIVE PEAK SIZE: | 5 Very Large | 4 Large | 3 Medium | 2 Small | 1 Very Small | 6 No Peaks |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 90UT031001 | ( Piute, Utah ) | Print Date: Nov 12 2024 12:28AM |
Sampled As | : | Monroe | Fine-loamy, mixed Cumulic Haploxerolls | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 90P1022 |
Sand - Silt Mineralogy (2.0-0.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Optical | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
Tot Re | Grain Count | Retn | preta | ||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7B1a2 | tion | ||||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
90P06275 | 28.0-44.0 | A1 | fs | 79 | QC 39 | QZ 38 | PR 8 | AR 6 | FD 4 | HN 3 | |||||||||||
OP 1 | TM 1 | MS 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
90P06277 | 63.0-84.0 | Bw | csi | 35 | FD 36 | QZ 30 | AR 16 | GS 7 | OP 5 | PR 4 | |||||||||||
GC 1 | PO tr | BT tr | MS tr | AM tr | TM tr | ||||||||||||||||
HN tr | CA tr | FP tr |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
csi - Coarse Silt 0.02-0.05 mm | fs - Fine Sand 0.1-0.25 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
AM Amphibole | AR Weatherable Aggregates | BT Biotite | CA Calcite | FD Feldspar |
FP Plagioclase Feldspar | GC Glass Coated Grain | GS Glass | HN Hornblende | MS Muscovite |
OP Opaques | PO Plant Opal | PR Pyroxene | QC Clay-Coated Quartz | QZ Quartz |
TM Tourmaline |