*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled as on Dec 1, 1993: | unnamed ; Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults |
Revised to : |
United States Department of Agriculture | ||||
SSL | - | Project | CP94FN151 PHILIPPINES | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
- | Site ID | 93FN725009 Lat: 8° 3' 37.90" north Long: 125° 0' 18.29" east | National Soil Survey Center | |
- | Pedon No. | 94P0503 | Soil Survey Laboratory | |
- | General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B | Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 |
Layer | Horizon | Orig Hzn | Depth (cm) | Field Label 1 | Field Label 2 | Field Label 3 | Field Texture | Lab Texture |
94P03569 | A1 | A1 | 0-12 | COSL | ||||
94P03570 | A2 | A2 | 12-28 | FSL | ||||
94P03571 | Bt11 | Bt1 | 28-51 | SL | ||||
94P03572 | Bt12 | Bt1 | 51-67 | COSL | ||||
94P03573 | Bt21 | Bt2 | 67-87 | SCL | ||||
94P03574 | Bt22 | Bt2 | 87-110 | SC | ||||
94P03575 | Bt3 | Bt3 | 110-143 | SC | ||||
94P03576 | Bt4 | Bt4 | 143-170 | C | ||||
94P03577 | Bt5 | Bt5 | 170-190 | C |
PSDA & Rock Fragments | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Rock Fragments (mm) ) | |||||||||||||||||
Lab | Clay | Silt | Sand | Fine | CO3 | Fine | Coarse | VF | F | M | C | VC | (- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -) | >2 mm | |||||||
Text- | < | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | .1- | wt % | ||||
Depth | ure | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | -5 | -20 | -75 | 75 | whole | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -) | soil | |||||||||||||||
3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3B1 | 3B1 | 3B1 | |||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | cosl | 12.9 | 34.6 | 52.5 | 4.5 | 20.2 | 14.4 | 13.3 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 20.3 | tr | tr | -- | 39 | tr | |
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | fsl | 5.1 | 29.0 | 65.9 | 1.5 | 16.7 | 12.3 | 17.5 | 20.8 | 11.6 | 9.0 | 7.0 | tr | -- | -- | 48 | tr | |
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | sl | 7.2 | 17.6 | 75.2 | 3.2 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 14.5 | 20.1 | 19.2 | 14.9 | 6.5 | 2 | tr | -- | 61 | 2 | |
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | cosl | 18.3 | 11.0 | 70.7 | 11.5 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 18.3 | 22.0 | 11.6 | 2 | tr | -- | 65 | 2 | |
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | scl | 29.8 | 8.1 | 62.1 | 20.6 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 10.1 | 14.6 | 19.5 | 12.6 | 1 | tr | -- | 57 | 1 | |
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | sc | 38.3 | 9.2 | 52.5 | 23.3 | 6.0 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 17.9 | 9.8 | tr | tr | -- | 48 | tr | |
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | sc | 40.5 | 11.4 | 48.1 | 22.1 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 9.4 | 12.1 | 14.5 | 7.4 | tr | tr | -- | 43 | tr | |
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | c | 48.9 | 10.6 | 40.5 | 22.9 | 7.9 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 8.9 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 3.3 | -- | -- | -- | 37 | -- | |
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | c | 51.5 | 11.2 | 37.3 | 19.8 | 8.0 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 12.3 | 13.2 | 5.8 | 1.0 | -- | -- | -- | 32 | -- |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled As | : | unnamed | Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 94P0503 |
Bulk Density & Moisture | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(Bulk Density) | Cole | (- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Air Dry-Oven Dry ) | WRD | Aggst | ||||||||||||
33 | Oven | Whole | 6 | 10 | 33 | 1500 | 1500 kPa | (- - - - Ratio - - - -) | Whole | Stabl | (- - Ratio/Clay - -) | ||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | Soil | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | Moist | Corrected | Soil | 2-0.5mm | CEC7 | 1500 kPa | ||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - g cm-3 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm3 cm-3 | % | ||||||||||
4A1d | 4A1h | 4B1c | 3C2a1a | 3D1 | 4C1 | 3F1a1a | 8D1 | 8D1 | |||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 32.4 | 1.075 | 95 | 2.89 | 2.51 | |||||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 26.1 | 1.068 | 4.94 | 5.12 | ||||||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 1.04 | 1.10 | 0.019 | 38.0 | 19.2 | 1.040 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 2.67 | |||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 1.07 | 1.13 | 0.018 | 38.8 | 26.3 | 1.045 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 1.44 | |||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 0.96 | 1.11 | 0.049 | 53.7 | 37.4 | 1.058 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 1.26 | |||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 0.92 | 1.15 | 0.077 | 61.4 | 37.4 | 1.058 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.98 | |||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 0.91 | 1.11 | 0.068 | 63.9 | 43.0 | 1.054 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 1.06 | |||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 0.91 | 1.09 | 0.062 | 60.3 | 45.8 | 1.060 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.94 | |||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 0.90 | 1.07 | 0.059 | 61.6 | 44.7 | 1.047 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.87 |
Water Content | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | |||||||
(- - Atterberg - -) | (- - - - - Bulk Density - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||||||
(- - - Limits - - -) | Field | Recon | Recon | Field | Recon | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sieved Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
LL | PI | 33 | Oven | 33 | 6 | 10 | 33 | 100 | 200 | 500 | ||||||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | |||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | pct <0.4mm | (- - - - - - - - g cm-3 - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
3C1e1a | ||||||||||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 36.1 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 30.4 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 22.6 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 27.1 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 38.0 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 39.4 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 43.4 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 47.9 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 47.0 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled As | : | unnamed | Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 94P0503 |
Carbon & Extractions | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - -) | Est | OC | C/N | (- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -) | (- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -) | (- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -) | ||||||||||||||||
Depth | C | N | S | OC | (WB) | Ratio | Fe | Al | Mn | Al+½Fe | ODOE | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | C | Fe | Al | Mn | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
6A2d | 6B4a | 6A1c | 6C2b | 6G7a | 6D2a | 8J | 6C9b | 6G12b | 6V2b | 6D5b | ||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 10.38 | 0.605 | 8.52 | 14 | 5.8 | 2.4 | tr | 2.34 | 0.48 | 1.36 | 1.66 | 0.12 | 109.9 | ||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 6.94 | 0.477 | 5.84 | 12 | 6.2 | 2.5 | tr | 2.32 | 0.41 | 1.35 | 1.64 | 0.15 | 116.0 | ||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 2.06 | 0.120 | 1.76 | 15 | 9.1 | 2.3 | tr | 1.07 | 0.32 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.13 | 338.4 | ||||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 1.21 | 0.087 | 1.09 | 13 | 9.4 | 1.9 | tr | 0.98 | 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 135.6 | ||||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 0.79 | 0.072 | 0.71 | 10 | 10.5 | 1.6 | tr | 1.08 | 0.09 | 1.10 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 41.1 | ||||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 0.51 | 0.067 | 0.48 | 7 | 9.8 | 1.4 | tr | 1.05 | 0.10 | 1.08 | 0.51 | 0.09 | 107.1 | ||||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 0.28 | 0.054 | 0.24 | 4 | 10.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.33 | 0.18 | 1.65 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 308.4 | ||||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 0.26 | 0.057 | 0.20 | 3 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 1.34 | 0.54 | 0.10 | 381.2 | ||||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 0.37 | 0.065 | 0.33 | 5 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.18 | 0.21 | 1.29 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 455.1 |
CEC & Bases | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -) | CEC8 | CEC7 | ECEC | (- - - - Base - - - -) | |||||||||||||
Sum | Acid- | Extr | KCl | Sum | NH4 | Bases | Al | (- Saturation -) | |||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Bases | ity | Al | Mn | Cats | OAC | +Al | Sat | Sum | NH4OAC | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
6N2e | 6O2d | 6P2b | 6Q2b | 6H5a | 6G9d | 6D3b | 5A3a | 5A8c | 5A3b | 5G1 | 5C3 | 5C1 | |||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 43.9 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 45.7 | 37.3 | 4.1 | 56 | 4 | 5 |
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 36.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 36.8 | 25.2 | 1.8 | 56 | 2 | 3 |
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 18.6 | -- | 0.2 | 19.5 | 8.2 | 5 | 11 | ||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | tr | 0.2 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 6.7 | 1 | 3 | ||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 0.1 | -- | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 8.4 | 3 | 5 | ||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 0.1 | tr | 0.1 | tr | 0.2 | 13.7 | 13.9 | 8.7 | 1 | 2 | ||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | 0.3 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 8.1 | 2 | 4 | ||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 14.1 | 14.5 | 7.6 | 3 | 5 | ||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | tr | 0.4 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 7.9 | 3 | 5 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled As | : | unnamed | Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 94P0503 |
Salt | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | -20- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | 1:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Elec | Elec | Exch | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | CO3 | HCO3 | F | Cl | PO4 | Br | OAC | SO4 | NO2 | NO3 | H2O | Salts | Cond | Cond | Na | SAR | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - % - - - -) | (- - dS m-1 - -) | % | |||||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | tr | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | tr | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 1 |
pH & Carbonates | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - Carbonate - -) | (- - Gypsum - - -) | ||||||||||||
CaCl2 | As CaCO3 | As CaSO4*2H2O | Resist | |||||||||||
Depth | 0.01M | H2O | Sat | <2mm | <20mm | <2mm | <20mm | ohms | ||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | KCl | 1:2 | 1:1 | Paste | Oxid | NaF | (- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm-1 | |||
4C1a2a3 | 4C1a2a | 4C1a2a | ||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.2 | ||||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4 | ||||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.2 | ||||||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.7 | ||||||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.8 | ||||||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | ||||||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.8 | ||||||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.7 | ||||||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.3 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled As | : | unnamed | Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 94P0503 |
Phosphorus | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Phosphorus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | KCl | ||||||||||||||
Melanic | NZ | Acid | Anion Exch Resin | Bray | Bray | Olsen | H2O | Citric | Mehlich | Extr | |||||
Depth | Index | Oxal | Available | Capacity | 1 | 2 | Acid | III | NO3 | ||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | % | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
6S4 | 6S3 | ||||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0-12 | A1 | S | 94 | tr | ||||||||||
94P03570 | 12-28 | A2 | S | 95 | |||||||||||
94P03571 | 28-51 | Bt11 | S | 83 | |||||||||||
94P03572 | 51-67 | Bt12 | S | 86 | |||||||||||
94P03573 | 67-87 | Bt21 | S | 91 | |||||||||||
94P03574 | 87-110 | Bt22 | S | 90 | |||||||||||
94P03575 | 110-143 | Bt3 | S | 91 | |||||||||||
94P03576 | 143-170 | Bt4 | S | 89 | |||||||||||
94P03577 | 170-190 | Bt5 | S | 85 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: 93FN725009 | ( Foreign, Philippines ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 11:38AM |
Sampled As | : | unnamed | Fine-loamy, mixed, isothermic Typic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 94P0503 |
Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Elemental | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | Retn | preta | |||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7A2i | tion | ||||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
94P03569 | 0.0-12.0 | A1 | tcly | GI 3 | KH 1 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03570 | 12.0-28.0 | A2 | tcly | GI 3 | KH 1 | ||||||||||||||||
94P03571 | 28.0-51.0 | Bt11 | tcly | GI 3 | GE 1 | KH 1 | |||||||||||||||
94P03572 | 51.0-67.0 | Bt12 | tcly | KH 2 | GI 2 | GE 1 | |||||||||||||||
94P03574 | 87.0-110.0 | Bt22 | tcly | KH 2 | |||||||||||||||||
94P03575 | 110.0-143.0 | Bt3 | tcly | KH 2 | |||||||||||||||||
94P03577 | 170.0-190.0 | Bt5 | tcly | KH 2 |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
GE Goethite | GI Gibbsite | KH Halloysite |
RELATIVE PEAK SIZE: | 5 Very Large | 4 Large | 3 Medium | 2 Small | 1 Very Small | 6 No Peaks |