*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled as on Aug 6, 2001:	Jory ; Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
Revised to correlated:	Jory ; Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumults

				United States Department of Agriculture
SSL	-	Project	C2001USOR209   WILLAMETTE VALLEY	Natural Resources Conservation Service
	-	Site ID	01-DRJ-21   Lat: 45° 16' 51.20" north  Long: 123° 1' 40.50" west  MLRA: 2	National Soil Survey Center
	-	Pedon No.	01N1193	Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory
	-	General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B		Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866

---

Layer	Horizon	Orig Hzn	Depth (cm)	Field Label 1	Field Label 2	Field Label 3	Field Texture	Lab Texture
01N06117	Oi	Oi	0-2	S01OR-071-011-1				SICL
01N06118	A	A	2-16	S01OR-071-011-2			SICL	SICL
01N06119	BAt	BAt	16-37	S01OR-071-011-3			SICL	SIC
01N06120	Bt1	Bt1	37-51	S01OR-071-011-4			SIC	SIC
01N06121	Bt2	Bt2	51-105	S01OR-071-011-5			SIC	C
01N06122	Bt3	Bt3	105-132	S01OR-071-011-6			C	C
01N06123	Bt4	Bt4	132-170	S01OR-071-011-7			CL	C

---

Pedon Calculations
Calculation Name	Result	Units of Measure
Clay, carbonate free, Weighted Average	60	% wt
Weighted Particles, 0.1-75mm, 75 mm Base	5	% wt
CEC Activity, CEC7/Clay, Weighted Average, Set 1	0.32	(NA)
LE, Whole Soil, Summed to 1m	Depth error	cm/m
Volume, >2mm, Weighted Average	1	% vol
Clay, total, Weighted Average	60	% wt
Weighted averages based on control section: 37-87 cm

---

PSDA  &  Rock Fragments				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-	-14-	-15-	-16-	-17-	-18-
					(- - - - - Total - - - - - -)			(- - Clay - - -)		(- - - - Silt - - - - -)		(- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -)					( Rock Fragments   (mm) )
				Lab	Clay	Silt	Sand	Fine	CO3	Fine	Coarse	VF	F	M	C	VC	(- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -)				>2 mm
				Text-	<	.002	.05	<	<	.002	.02	.05	.10	.25	.5	1	2	5	20	.1-	wt %
	Depth			ure	.002	-.05	-2	.0002	.002	-.02	-.05	-.10	-.25	-.50	-1	-2	-5	-20	-75	75	whole
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep		(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)												(- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -)				soil
					3A1a1a			3A1a1a		3A1a1a		3A1a1a	3A1a1a	3A1a1a	3A1a1a	3A1a1a
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S	sicl	36.9	52.7	10.4	16.0		28.3	24.4	4.6	3.7	1.7	0.3	0.1	--	--	--	6	--
01N06118	2-16	A	S	sicl	38.0	51.0	11.0	17.2		27.9	23.1	4.0	3.4	2.2	1.2	0.2	3	1	--	11	4
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S	sic	40.7	49.2	10.1	18.0		26.3	22.9	3.6	3.3	2.1	0.9	0.2	3	tr	--	9	3
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S	sic	50.2	41.0	8.8	27.1		23.0	18.0	3.3	2.9	1.6	0.8	0.2	1	1	--	7	2
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S	c	64.3	29.7	6.0	39.2		16.8	12.9	2.4	1.8	1.0	0.5	0.3	tr	--	--	4	tr
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S	c	65.3	29.0	5.7	39.4		21.1	7.9	2.3	1.5	0.9	0.8	0.2	1	10	--	14	11
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S	c	63.8	30.2	6.0	36.6		22.2	8.0	2.2	1.8	1.0	0.8	0.2	1	2	--	7	3

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Water Dispersible PSDA				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-
				(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Dispersible - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
				(- - - - - Total - - - - - -)			(- - Clay - - -)		(- - - - Silt - - - - -)		(- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -)
				Clay	Silt	Sand	F	CO3	F	C	VF	F	M	C	VC
				<	.002	.05	<	<	.002	.02	.05	.10	.25	.5	1
	Depth			.002	-.05	-2	.0002	.002	-.02	-.05	-.10	-.25	-.50	-1	-2
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
				3A1a6a					3A1a6a		3A1a6a	3A1a6a	3A1a6a	3A1a6a	3A1a6a
01N06118	2-16	A	S	21.4	59.0	19.6			36.9	22.1	5.7	5.7	4.2	3.0	1.0

---

Bulk Density  &  Moisture				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-	-14-
				(Bulk Density)		Cole	(- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -)					( Air Dry-Oven Dry )		WRD	Aggst
				33	Oven	Whole	6	10	33	1500	1500 kPa	(- - - - Ratio - - - -)		Whole	Stabl	(- - Ratio/Clay - -)
	Depth			kPa	Dry	Soil	kPa	kPa	kPa	kPa	Moist		Corrected	Soil	2-0.5mm	CEC7	1500 kPa
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	(- - - g cm-3 - - -)			(- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -)							cm3 cm-3	%
				DbWR1	DbWR1		DbWR1	DbWR1	DbWR1	3C2a1a		3D1			3F1a1a
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S							20.4		1.029				0.61	0.55
01N06117	0-2	Oi	M							67.8
01N06118	2-16	A	S	1.29	1.38	0.022	29.0	27.9	25.5	15.7		1.025		0.12	73	0.41	0.41
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S	1.35	1.45	0.024	27.0	25.6	23.3	16.3		1.027		0.09		0.36	0.40
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S	1.39	1.50	0.025	27.7	26.4	24.2	19.2		1.031		0.07		0.29	0.38
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S	1.37	1.58	0.049	32.3	31.3	30.2	24.7		1.036		0.08		0.32	0.38
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S	1.31	1.55	0.054	39.1	38.4	33.6	25.0		1.037		0.11		0.26	0.38
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S	1.29	1.54	0.060	37.3	36.6	34.3	25.1		1.039		0.12		0.27	0.39

---

Water Content				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-
				(- - Atterberg - -)		(- - - - - Bulk Density - - - - -)			(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
				(- - - Limits - - -)		Field	Recon	Recon	Field	Recon	(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sieved Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
				LL	PI		33	Oven		33	6	10	33	100	200	500
	Depth						kPa	Dry		kPa	kPa	kPa	kPa	kPa	kPa	kPa
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	pct <0.4mm		(- - - - - - - - g cm-3 - - - - - - -)			(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
							3B2	3B2		3B2					3C1e1a
01N06118	2-16	A	S				1.22	1.30		25.7					22.0
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S												21.8
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S												24.0
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S												28.3
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S												29.2
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S												29.1

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Carbon  &  Extractions				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-	-14-	-15-	-16-	-17-	-18-	-19-
				(- - - - - Total - - - - -)			Est	OC	C/N	(- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -)			(- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -)						(- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -)
	Depth			C	N	S	OC	(WB)	Ratio	Fe	Al	Mn	Al+½Fe	ODOE	Fe	Al	Si	Mn	C	Fe	Al	Mn
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	(- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -)						(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)								mg kg-1	(- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -)
				4H2a	4H2a	4H2a				4G1	4G1	4G1		4G2	4G2	4G2	4G2	4G2
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S	6.60	0.36	0.03	6.6		18	6.3	0.7	0.2	1.04	0.15	0.82	0.63	0.08	2127.1
01N06118	2-16	A	S	1.48	0.13	0.01	1.5		11	7.3	0.8	0.2	1.12	0.13	0.90	0.67	0.07	2257.8
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S	0.93	0.10	0.01	0.9		9	7.2	0.7	0.2	0.93	0.09	0.76	0.56	0.09	1614.1
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S	0.63	0.09	0.01	0.6		7	7.4	0.7	0.1	0.96	0.10	0.92	0.50	0.09	1345.0
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S	0.30	0.08	0.01	0.3		4	8.6	0.9	0.1	1.20	0.12	1.34	0.53	0.12	1163.9
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S	0.25	0.06	0.01	0.3		4	8.6	0.9	0.1	1.38	0.13	1.62	0.57	0.13	816.1
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S	0.18	0.04	0.02	0.2		4	8.8	0.9	0.2	1.54	0.14	1.78	0.65	0.13	1743.5

---

CEC  &  Bases				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-	-14-
				(- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -)								CEC8	CEC7	ECEC		(- - - - Base - - - -)
								Sum	Acid-	Extr	KCl	Sum	NH4	Bases	Al	(- Saturation -)
	Depth			Ca	Mg	Na	K	Bases	ity	Al	Mn	Cats	OAC	+Al	Sat	Sum	NH4OAC
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)							mg kg-1	(- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -)			(- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -)
				4B1a1	4B1a1	4B1a1	4B1a1		4B2a1a1	4B3a1a	4B3a1a		4B1a1
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S	10.5	2.8	0.6	2.0	15.9	19.2			35.1	22.6			45	70
01N06118	2-16	A	S	4.8	1.1	0.2	0.2	6.3	16.3	0.6	3.5	22.6	15.5	6.9		28	41
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S	4.6	1.4	0.2	0.2	6.4	15.1	0.6	4.4	21.5	14.5	7.0		30	44
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S	4.4	2.3	0.2	0.1	7.0	14.7	0.2	3.9	21.7	14.8	7.2		32	47
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S	4.0	2.1	0.2	0.1	6.4	17.2	0.6	4.3	23.6	20.7	7.0		27	31
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S	3.4	1.6	0.2	0.1	5.3	18.5	1.0	3.2	23.8	16.7	6.3		22	32
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S	3.4	1.4	0.2	0.1	5.1	20.1	1.4	3.6	25.2	17.0	6.5		20	30

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Salt

-1-

-2-

-3-

-4-

-5-

-6-

-7-

-8-

-9-

-10-

-11-

-12-

-13-

-14-

-15-

-16-

-17-

-18-

-19-

-20-

(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)

1:2

Total

Elec

Elec

Exch

Depth

Ca

Mg

Na

K

CO3

HCO3

F

Cl

PO4

Br

OAC

SO4

NO2

NO3

H2O

Salts

Cond

Cond

Na

SAR

Layer

(cm)

Horz

Prep

(- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -)

(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)

(- - - - % - - - -)

(- - dS m-1 - -)

%

01N06117

0-2

Oi

S

3

01N06118

2-16

A

S

1

01N06119

16-37

BAt

S

2

01N06120

37-51

Bt1

S

1

01N06121

51-105

Bt2

S

1

01N06122

105-132

Bt3

S

1

01N06123

132-170

Bt4

S

1

---

pH  &  Carbonates

-1-

-2-

-3-

-4-

-5-

-6-

-7-

-8-

-9-

-10-

-11-

(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)

(- - Carbonate - -)

(- - Gypsum - - -)

CaCl2

As CaCO3

As CaSO4*2H2O

Resist

Depth

0.01M

H2O

Sat

<2mm

<20mm

<2mm

<20mm

ohms

Layer

(cm)

Horz

Prep

KCl

1:2

1:1

Paste

Oxid

NaF

(- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -)

cm-1

4C1a2a

4C1a2a

01N06117

0-2

Oi

S

5.4

5.9

01N06118

2-16

A

S

4.8

5.6

01N06119

16-37

BAt

S

4.7

5.5

01N06120

37-51

Bt1

S

4.8

5.5

01N06121

51-105

Bt2

S

4.5

5.3

01N06122

105-132

Bt3

S

4.5

5.3

01N06123

132-170

Bt4

S

4.4

5.2

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Organic				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-	-13-	-14-	-15-	-16-	-17-
				Mineral	OM	OM+	(- Total -)			Fiber Content		NaPyro	Decomp	Limnic	(- - pH - -)		(- - Bulk Density - -)			Proj
	Depth			Content	TC*1.724	Min	C	N	C/N	Unrub	Rub	Color	State	Matter	CaCl2	H2O	33 kPa	33 kPa rewet	OD	Subs
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	(- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -)					ratio	% (by vol)								g cm-3		cm cm-1
				5A			4H2a	4H2a								4C1a2a
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S		11	81	6.60	0.36	18							5.9				--
01N06117	0-2	Oi	MW	70
01N06118	2-16	A	S				1.48	0.13	11							5.6				2
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S				0.93	0.10	9							5.5				2
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S				0.63	0.09	7							5.5				1
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S				0.30	0.08	4							5.3				tr
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S				0.25	0.06	4							5.3				6
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S				0.18	0.04	4							5.2				1

---

Phosphorus				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-
					(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Phosphorus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)										KCl
				Melanic	NZ	Acid	Anion Exch Resin		Bray	Bray	Olsen	H2O	Citric	Mehlich	Extr
	Depth			Index		Oxal	Available	Capacity	1	2			Acid	III	NO3
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep		%	(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)
						4G2			4D3a1					4D6a1
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S			747.1								21.8
01N06118	2-16	A	S			561.9			12.6					5.8
01N06119	16-37	BAt	S			474.7			8.0					4.1
01N06120	37-51	Bt1	S			402.5			2.1					1.4
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S			565.9			1.2					1.1
01N06122	105-132	Bt3	S			587.6			0.8					0.6
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S			829.8			1.8					1.6

---

Major Elements				-1-	-2-	-3-	-4-	-5-	-6-	-7-	-8-	-9-	-10-	-11-	-12-
	Depth			Al	Ca	Fe	K	Mg	Mn	Na	P	Si	Sr	Ti	Zr
Layer	(cm)	Horz	Prep	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg	mg/kg
				4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b	4H1b		4H1b	4H1b
01N06117	0-2	Oi	S	78501	4713	90720	8470	3299	2559	4509	1970	187932		18099	212
01N06118	2-16	A	S	92093	3541	103181	8432	3384	2786	4789	1994	206998		19888	237
01N06121	51-105	Bt2	S	122798	1171	109408	4160	2154	1697	835	1890	187378		16914	251
01N06123	132-170	Bt4	S	126049	881	105837	4152	2119	2202	402	1956	187750		16631	254

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm)

-1-

-2-

-3-

-4-

-5-

-6-

-7-

-8-

-9-

-10-

-11-

-12-

-13-

-14-

-15-

-16-

-17-

-18-

X-Ray

Thermal

Elemental

EGME

Inter

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

MgO

CaO

K2O

Na2O

Retn

preta

Depth

Fract

7A1a1

tion

Layer

(cm)

Horz

ion

( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - )

(- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -)

(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)

mg g-1

01N06120

37.0-51.0

Bt1

tcly

KK 2

CMIX

01N06121

51.0-105.0

Bt2

tcly

KK 1

CMIX

FRACTION INTERPRETATION:
tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm

MINERAL INTERPRETATION:
KK Kaolinite

RELATIVE PEAK SIZE:

5 Very Large

4 Large

3 Medium

2 Small

1 Very Small

6 No Peaks

INTERPRETATION (BY HORIZON):
CMIX - Mixed Clay

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

Sand - Silt Mineralogy (2.0-0.002 mm)

-1-

-2-

-3-

-4-

-5-

-6-

-7-

-8-

-9-

-10-

-11-

-12-

-13-

-14-

-15-

-16-

-17-

-18-

X-Ray

Thermal

Optical

EGME

Inter

Tot Re

Grain Count

Retn

preta

Depth

Fract

7B1a2

tion

Layer

(cm)

Horz

ion

( - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - )

(- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -)

(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -)

mg g-1

01N06120

37.0-51.0

Bt1

csi

64

QZ 33

OP 15

FE 14

FK 14

MS 10

BT 3

SMIX

FM 3

HN 2

HB 2

PR 2

AR 1

BY 1

GS 1

CD 1

CM tr

GN tr

PO tr

RU tr

TM tr

TE tr

VM tr

ZE tr

ZR tr

ZO tr

01N06121

51.0-105.0

Bt2

csi

68

QZ 37

FE 15

OP 14

MS 12

FK 7

BT 4

SMIX

HB 3

FM 2

GS 2

BY 1

CD 1

VM 1

AR 1

ZE tr

ZR tr

PR tr

CM tr

EP tr

HN tr

PO tr

RU tr

TM tr

TE tr

FRACTION INTERPRETATION:
csi - Coarse Silt 0.02-0.05 mm

MINERAL INTERPRETATION:
AR Weatherable Aggregates	BT Biotite	BY Beryl	CD Chert (Chalcedony	CM Chlorite-Mica
EP Epidote	FE Iron Oxides (Goethite	FK Potassium Feldspar	FM Ferromagnesium Mineral	GN Garnet
GS Glass	HB Hydrobiotite	HN Hornblende	MS Muscovite	OP Opaques
PO Plant Opal	PR Pyroxene	QZ Quartz	RU Rutile	TE Tremolite
TM Tourmaline	VM Vermiculite-Mica	ZE Zeolite	ZO Zoisite	ZR Zircon

*** Primary Characterization Data ***

Pedon ID: S2001OR071011

( Yamhill, Oregon )

Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:33PM

Sampled As	:	Jory		Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumult
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory			;	Pedon No.  01N1193

---

INTERPRETATION (BY HORIZON):
SMIX - Mixed Sand