*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled as on Jul 31, 2004: | Pewamo ; Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll |
Revised to correlated: | Pewamo ; Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls |
United States Department of Agriculture | ||||
SSL | - | Project | C2004USIN202 Indiana and Ohio Till Plain Study | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
- | Site ID | S2004IN179-001 Lat: 40° 45' 43.00" north Long: 85° 8' 53.41" west MLRA: 111B | National Soil Survey Center | |
- | Pedon No. | 04N1165 | Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory | |
- | General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B | Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 |
Layer | Horizon | Orig Hzn | Depth (cm) | Field Label 1 | Field Label 2 | Field Label 3 | Field Texture | Lab Texture |
04N06765 | Ap1 | Ap1 | 0-10 | S04IN-179-001-1 | SICL | SICL | ||
04N06766 | Ap2 | Ap2 | 10-25 | S04IN-179-001-2 | SICL | SICL | ||
04N06767 | Btg1 | Btg1 | 25-45 | S04IN-179-001-3 | SICL | SIC | ||
04N06768 | Btg2 | Btg2 | 45-68 | S04IN-179-001-4 | SICL | SIC | ||
04N06769 | Btg3 | Btg3 | 68-85 | S04IN-179-001-5 | SICL | SIC | ||
04N06770 | Btg4 | Btg4 | 85-120 | S04IN-179-001-6 | SICL | SIC | ||
04N06771 | Btg5 | Btg5 | 120-150 | S04IN-179-001-7 | SICL | SIC | ||
04N06772 | Cd1 | Cd1 | 150-185 | S04IN-179-001-8 | SIC | SIC | ||
04N06773 | Cd2 | Cd2 | 185-218 | S04IN-179-001-9 | SIC | C | ||
04N06774 | Cd3 | Cd3 | 218-240 | S04IN-179-001-10 | SIC | C |
Pedon Calculations | |||
Calculation Name | Result | Units of Measure | |
Clay, total, Weighted Average | 49 | % wt | |
Clay, carbonate free, Weighted Average | 49 | % wt | |
Weighted Particles, 0.1-75mm, 75 mm Base | 13 | % wt | |
CEC Activity, CEC7/Clay, Weighted Average, CECd, Set 1 | 0.38 | (NA) | |
Volume, >2mm, Weighted Average | 3 | % vol | |
LE, Whole Soil, Summed to 1m | 5 | cm/m | |
Weighted averages based on control section: 25-75 cm |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled As | : | Pewamo | Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 04N1165 |
PSDA & Rock Fragments | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Rock Fragments (mm) ) | |||||||||||||||||
Lab | Clay | Silt | Sand | Fine | CO3 | Fine | Coarse | VF | F | M | C | VC | (- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -) | >2 mm | |||||||
Text- | < | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | .1- | wt % | ||||
Depth | ure | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | -5 | -20 | -75 | 75 | whole | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -) | soil | |||||||||||||||
3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | |||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | sicl | 36.7 | 50.5 | 12.8 | 13.7 | 32.8 | 17.7 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | tr | -- | -- | 10 | tr | |
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | sicl | 39.8 | 47.9 | 12.3 | 13.8 | 33.5 | 14.4 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.1 | tr | tr | -- | 9 | tr | |
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | sic | 48.6 | 40.1 | 11.3 | 18.9 | 28.3 | 11.8 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 13 | tr | -- | 20 | 13 | |
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | sic | 48.9 | 40.7 | 10.4 | 19.7 | 29.6 | 11.1 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | |
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | sic | 47.8 | 42.1 | 10.1 | 20.3 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | |
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | sic | 47.6 | 41.7 | 10.7 | 19.8 | 29.9 | 11.8 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | |
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | sic | 47.9 | 41.2 | 10.9 | 21.7 | 29.3 | 11.9 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | 8 | -- | |
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | sic | 48.4 | 41.2 | 10.4 | 15.3 | 1.0 | 29.2 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 | -- | -- | -- | 9 | -- |
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | c | 58.8 | 33.9 | 7.3 | 15.5 | 7.0 | 27.8 | 6.1 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.3 | -- | -- | -- | 6 | -- |
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | c | 59.0 | 34.3 | 6.7 | 16.1 | 6.8 | 26.1 | 8.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3 | 4 | -- | 11 | 7 |
Water Dispersible PSDA | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Dispersible - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
(- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||
Clay | Silt | Sand | F | CO3 | F | C | VF | F | M | C | VC | ||||
< | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | ||||
Depth | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | |||||||||||
3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | 3A1a6a | |||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | 23.9 | 58.9 | 17.2 | 43.5 | 15.4 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | ||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | 26.6 | 57.2 | 16.2 | 44.2 | 13.0 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled As | : | Pewamo | Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 04N1165 |
Bulk Density & Moisture | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(Bulk Density) | Cole | (- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Air Dry-Oven Dry ) | WRD | Aggst | ||||||||||||
33 | Oven | Whole | 6 | 10 | 33 | 1500 | 1500 kPa | (- - - - Ratio - - - -) | Whole | Stabl | (- - Ratio/Clay - -) | ||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | Soil | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | Moist | Corrected | Soil | 2-0.5mm | CEC7 | 1500 kPa | ||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - g cm-3 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm3 cm-3 | % | ||||||||||
DbWR1 | DbWR1 | DbWR1 | 3C2a1a | 3D1 | |||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | 1.61 | 1.78 | 0.034 | 21.0 | 16.9 | 1.016 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 0.46 | |||||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | 1.51 | 1.79 | 0.058 | 24.1 | 17.0 | 1.017 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.43 | |||||
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | 1.59 | 1.78 | 0.035 | 22.3 | 19.2 | 1.020 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |||||
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | 1.56 | 1.88 | 0.064 | 24.0 | 19.6 | 1.019 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |||||
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | 1.54 | 1.77 | 0.047 | 23.1 | 20.3 | 1.020 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.42 | |||||
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | 1.58 | 1.86 | 0.056 | 22.3 | 19.5 | 1.019 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.41 | |||||
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | 1.55 | 1.76 | 0.043 | 22.9 | 19.9 | 1.021 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.42 | |||||
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | 1.57 | 1.83 | 0.052 | 23.7 | 20.3 | 1.015 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.42 | |||||
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | 1.61 | 1.86 | 0.049 | 23.9 | 21.5 | 1.012 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.37 | |||||
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | 1.58 | 1.86 | 0.053 | 24.9 | 22.1 | 1.012 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.37 |
Carbon & Extractions | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - -) | Est | OC | C/N | (- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -) | (- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -) | (- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -) | ||||||||||||||||
Depth | C | N | S | OC | (WB) | Ratio | Fe | Al | Mn | Al+½Fe | ODOE | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | C | Fe | Al | Mn | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
4H2a | 4H2a | 4H2a | 4G1 | 4G1 | 4G1 | |||||||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | 1.66 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 1.7 | 10 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | 1.50 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 1.5 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | 1.08 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 7 | 2.0 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.9 | 10 | 1.6 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | 0.69 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.7 | 11 | 1.9 | 0.2 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 5 | 1.9 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | 1.40 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 6 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | 3.27 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.3 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | 3.15 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 1.0 | 12 | 1.3 | 0.1 | tr |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled As | : | Pewamo | Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 04N1165 |
CEC & Bases | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -) | CEC8 | CEC7 | ECEC | (- - - - Base - - - -) | |||||||||||||
Sum | Acid- | Extr | KCl | Sum | NH4 | Bases | Al | (- Saturation -) | |||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Bases | ity | Al | Mn | Cats | OAC | +Al | Sat | Sum | NH4OAC | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B2b1a1 | 4B1a1a | ||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | 11.3* | 4.0 | -- | 0.7 | 16.0 | 9.5 | 25.5 | 15.6 | 63 | 100 | ||||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | 11.8 | 4.4 | -- | 0.5 | 16.7 | 9.3 | 26.0 | 17.6 | 64 | 95 | ||||
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | 12.5 | 5.2 | tr | 0.4 | 18.1 | 9.9 | 28.0 | 18.7 | 65 | 97 | ||||
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | 12.4* | 5.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 18.5 | 8.6 | 27.1 | 18.5 | 68 | 100 | ||||
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | 12.7* | 5.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 18.9 | 7.7 | 18.2 | 100 | ||||||
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | 12.4* | 5.8 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 18.7 | 6.0 | 24.7 | 15.7 | 76 | 100 | ||||
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | 14.4* | 6.8 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 21.7 | 4.4 | 26.1 | 17.3 | 83 | 100 | ||||
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | 43.8* | 8.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 52.3 | 13.3 | 100 | |||||||
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | 45.1* | 6.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 51.8 | 10.8 | 100 | |||||||
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | 45.5* | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 49.3 | 10.7 | 100 |
Salt | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | -20- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | 1:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Elec | Elec | Exch | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | CO3 | HCO3 | F | Cl | PO4 | Br | OAC | SO4 | NO2 | NO3 | H2O | Salts | Cond | Cond | Na | SAR | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - % - - - -) | (- - dS m-1 - -) | % | |||||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | tr | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | tr | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | tr | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | 1 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled As | : | Pewamo | Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 04N1165 |
pH & Carbonates | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - Carbonate - -) | (- - Gypsum - - -) | ||||||||||||
CaCl2 | As CaCO3 | As CaSO4*2H2O | Resist | |||||||||||
Depth | 0.01M | H2O | Sat | <2mm | <20mm | <2mm | <20mm | ohms | ||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | KCl | 1:2 | 1:1 | Paste | Oxid | NaF | (- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm-1 | |||
4C1a2a | 4C1a2a | 4E1a1a1a1 | ||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0-10 | Ap1 | S | 5.8 | 6.3 | |||||||||
04N06766 | 10-25 | Ap2 | S | 5.8 | 6.5 | |||||||||
04N06767 | 25-45 | Btg1 | S | 5.4 | 6.2 | |||||||||
04N06768 | 45-68 | Btg2 | S | 5.4 | 6.1 | |||||||||
04N06769 | 68-85 | Btg3 | S | 5.6 | 6.1 | tr | ||||||||
04N06770 | 85-120 | Btg4 | S | 6.0 | 6.4 | |||||||||
04N06771 | 120-150 | Btg5 | S | 6.6 | 7.0 | |||||||||
04N06772 | 150-185 | Cd1 | S | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7 | ||||||||
04N06773 | 185-218 | Cd2 | S | 7.6 | 8.0 | 19 | ||||||||
04N06774 | 218-240 | Cd3 | S | 7.6 | 8.0 | 18 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2004IN179001 | ( Wells, Indiana ) | Print Date: Nov 21 2024 12:13PM |
Sampled As | : | Pewamo | Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquoll | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 04N1165 |
Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Elemental | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | Retn | preta | |||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7A1a1 | tion | ||||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
04N06765 | 0.0-10.0 | Ap1 | tcly | MI 3 | KK 2 | VR 2 | QZ 1 | LE 1 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
04N06767 | 25.0-45.0 | Btg1 | tcly | MI 4 | KK 3 | VR 3 | LE 2 | QZ 1 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
04N06768 | 45.0-68.0 | Btg2 | tcly | MI 3 | KK 2 | VR 2 | LE 2 | QZ 2 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
04N06770 | 85.0-120.0 | Btg4 | tcly | MI 3 | VR 3 | KK 2 | QZ 1 | CMIX | |||||||||||||
04N06772 | 150.0-185.0 | Cd1 | tcly | MI 3 | VR 3 | KK 2 | DL 1 | QZ 1 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
GE 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
04N06774 | 218.0-240.0 | Cd3 | tcly | MI 3 | KK 3 | VR 2 | DL 2 | QZ 1 | CMIX |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
DL Dolomite | GE Goethite | KK Kaolinite | LE Lepidocrocite | MI Mica |
QZ Quartz | VR Vermiculite |
RELATIVE PEAK SIZE: | 5 Very Large | 4 Large | 3 Medium | 2 Small | 1 Very Small | 6 No Peaks |
INTERPRETATION (BY HORIZON): | ||||
CMIX - Mixed Clay |