*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled as on Mar 5, 2013: | Russett ; Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults |
Revised to : | ; Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudalfs |
United States Department of Agriculture | ||||
SSL | - | Project | C2013USMD032 MD NCSS Conference | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
- | Site ID | S2013MD027003 Lat: 39° 13' 40.20" north Long: 76° 44' 52.70" west MLRA: 148 | National Soil Survey Center | |
- | Pedon No. | 13N9291 | Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory | |
- | General Methods 1B1A, 2A1, 2B | Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 |
Layer | Horizon | Orig Hzn | Depth (cm) | Field Label 1 | Field Label 2 | Field Label 3 | Field Texture | Lab Texture |
13N03625 | A | A | 0-5 | S2013MD027003-1 | SL | SL | ||
13N03626 | Ap | Ap | 5-17 | S2013MD027003-2 | SL | COSL | ||
13N03627 | BA | BA | 17-31 | S2013MD027003-3 | SL | SCL | ||
13N03628 | Bt1 | Bt1 | 31-54 | S2013MD027003-4 | SCL | SCL | ||
13N03629 | Bt2 | Bt2 | 54-76 | S2013MD027003-5 | CL | C | ||
13N03630 | 2Bt3 | 2Bt3 | 76-110 | S2013MD027003-6 | CL | C | ||
13N03631 | 2B4 | 2B4 | 110-175 | S2013MD027003-7 | CL | C | ||
13N03632 | 3BC1 | 3BC1 | 175-200 | S2013MD027003-8 | L | C | ||
13N03633 | 3BC2 | 3BC2 | 200-250 | S2013MD027003-9 | SIL | C |
Pedon Calculations | |||
Calculation Name | Result | Units of Measure | |
Weighted Particles, 0.1-75mm, 75 mm Base | 44 | % wt | |
Volume, >2mm, Weighted Average | 6 | % vol | |
Clay, total, Weighted Average | 43 | % wt | |
Clay, carbonate free, Weighted Average | 43 | % wt | |
CEC Activity, CEC7/Clay, Weighted Average, CECd, Set 4 | 0.36 | (NA) | |
Weighted averages based on control section: 31-81 cm |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
PSDA & Rock Fragments | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - - -) | (- - Clay - - -) | (- - - - Silt - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - Sand - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Rock Fragments (mm) ) | |||||||||||||||||
Lab | Clay | Silt | Sand | Fine | CO3 | Fine | Coarse | VF | F | M | C | VC | (- - - - - - - - Weight - - - - - - - -) | >2 mm | |||||||
Text- | < | .002 | .05 | < | < | .002 | .02 | .05 | .10 | .25 | .5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | .1- | wt % | ||||
Depth | ure | .002 | -.05 | -2 | .0002 | .002 | -.02 | -.05 | -.10 | -.25 | -.50 | -1 | -2 | -5 | -20 | -75 | 75 | whole | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of <2mm Mineral Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - % of <75mm - - - - - -) | soil | |||||||||||||||
3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | 3A1a1a | ||||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | sl | 12.0 | 20.1 | 67.9 | 14.8 | 5.3 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 35.4 | 21.0 | 3.9 | 2 | 5 | tr | 68 | 7 | ||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | cosl | 11.3 | 19.4 | 69.3 | -- | 14.6 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 34.9 | 23.6 | 3.9 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 71 | 11 | |
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | scl | 21.9 | 21.2 | 56.9 | -- | 17.1 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 30.3 | 17.7 | 2.8 | 4 | 4 | -- | 59 | 8 | |
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | scl | 33.9 | 15.9 | 50.2 | 12.9 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 23.8 | 17.1 | 4.3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 55 | 12 | ||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | c | 49.2 | 19.1 | 31.7 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 7.9 | 3.5 | 6 | 7 | -- | 38 | 13 | ||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | c | 53.1 | 22.1 | 24.8 | 18.7 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 1.3 | 6 | tr | -- | 25 | 6 | ||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | c | 50.8 | 28.3 | 20.9 | 24.1 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 33 | 20 | ||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | c | 55.7 | 28.6 | 15.7 | 25.2 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 3 | -- | -- | 13 | 3 | ||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | c | 47.1 | 34.6 | 18.3 | 30.0 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 7.7 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 3 | 1 | -- | 17 | 4 |
Bulk Density & Moisture | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(Bulk Density) | Cole | (- - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - -) | ( Air Dry-Oven Dry ) | WRD | Aggst | ||||||||||||
33 | Oven | Whole | 6 | 10 | 33 | 1500 | 1500 kPa | (- - - - Ratio - - - -) | Whole | Stabl | (- - Ratio/Clay - -) | ||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | Soil | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | Moist | Corrected | Soil | 2-0.5mm | CEC7 | 1500 kPa | ||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - g cm-3 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - pct of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm3 cm-3 | % | ||||||||||
DbWR1 | DbWR1 | DbWR1 | 3C2a1a | 3D1 | |||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | 7.4 | 1.012 | 0.75 | 0.62 | ||||||||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | 5.5 | 1.008 | 0.58 | 0.49 | ||||||||||
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | 1.62 | 1.69 | 0.013 | 14.5 | 8.6 | 1.012 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.39 | |||||
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | 1.53 | 1.66 | 0.025 | 22.3 | 13.6 | 1.019 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.40 | |||||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | 1.27 | 1.52 | 0.057 | 36.7 | 21.4 | 1.028 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.43 | |||||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | 1.27 | 1.57 | 0.071 | 37.9 | 24.2 | 1.041 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 0.46 | |||||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | 1.41 | 1.58 | 0.034 | 32.0 | 19.7 | 1.017 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.39 | |||||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | 33.0 | 1.055 | 0.68 | 0.59 | ||||||||||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | 36.1 | 1.067 | 1.07 | 0.77 |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
Water Content | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | |||||||
(- - Atterberg - -) | (- - - - - Bulk Density - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||||||
(- - - Limits - - -) | Field | Recon | Recon | Field | Recon | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sieved Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
LL | PI | 33 | Oven | 33 | 6 | 10 | 33 | 100 | 200 | 500 | ||||||||||
Depth | kPa | Dry | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | kPa | |||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | pct <0.4mm | (- - - - - - - - g cm-3 - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||||||
3B6 | 3B6 | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | CDB | 1.22 | 24.2 | |||||||||||||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | CDB | 1.39 | 17.9 |
Carbon & Extractions | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | |||
(- - - - - Total - - - - -) | Est | OC | C/N | (- - - Dith-Cit Ext - - -) | (- - - - - - Ammonium Oxalate Extraction - - - - - -) | (- - - Na Pyro-Phosphate - - -) | ||||||||||||||||
Depth | C | N | S | OC | (WB) | Ratio | Fe | Al | Mn | Al+½Fe | ODOE | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | C | Fe | Al | Mn | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - % of <2 mm - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - - - % of < 2mm - - - - -) | |||||||||||||||
4H2a | 4H2a | 4H2a | 4G1 | 4G1 | 4G1 | |||||||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | 2.96 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 2.9 | 13 | 0.9 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | 1.43 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 11 | 0.9 | 0.1 | tr | |||||||||||
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | 0.50 | 0.04 | -- | 0.5 | 13 | 1.7 | 0.2 | -- | |||||||||||
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | 0.29 | 0.07 | -- | 0.3 | 4 | 2.9 | 0.3 | -- | |||||||||||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 24 | 8.3 | 0.5 | -- | |||||||||||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | tr | |||||||||||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | 0.10 | 0.08 | tr | 0.1 | 1 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | 0.12 | 0.07 | -- | 0.1 | 1 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | 0.13 | -- | 0.01 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 | tr |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
CEC & Bases | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | |||
(- - - - - - NH4OAC Extractable Bases - - - - -) | CEC8 | CEC7 | ECEC | (- - - - Base - - - -) | |||||||||||||
Sum | Acid- | Extr | KCl | Sum | NH4 | Bases | Al | (- Saturation -) | |||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Bases | ity | Al | Mn | Cats | OAC | +Al | Sat | Sum | NH4OAC | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg kg-1 | (- - - - cmol(+) kg-1 - - -) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - -) | ||||||||||
4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B1a1a | 4B2b1a1 | 4B3a1a | 4B3a1a | 4B1a1a | ||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | 5.3 | 1.8 | -- | 0.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 9.0 | 83 | ||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | 1.7 | 0.8 | -- | 0.2 | 2.7 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 6.5 | 42 | ||||
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | 1.6 | 1.0 | -- | 0.2 | 2.8 | 8.9 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 7.7 | 36 | ||||
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | 2.2 | 1.5 | -- | 0.1 | 3.8 | 12.1 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 11.2 | 34 | ||||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | 3.8 | 3.3 | -- | 0.1 | 7.2 | 19.3 | 6.6 | 0.6 | 17.4 | 41 | ||||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | 4.9 | 6.0 | -- | 0.1 | 11.0 | 24.3 | 9.7 | 1.1 | 26.0 | 42 | ||||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | 1.0 | 2.1 | -- | tr | 3.1 | 15.4 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 23 | ||||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | 4.5 | 7.6 | -- | 0.1 | 12.2 | 37.0 | 17.7 | 2.0 | 37.7 | 32 | ||||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | 6.3 | 11.2 | -- | 0.1 | 17.6 | 49.5 | 24.9 | 2.1 | 50.6 | 35 |
Salt | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | -19- | -20- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water Extracted From Saturated Paste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | 1:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Elec | Elec | Exch | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Ca | Mg | Na | K | CO3 | HCO3 | F | Cl | PO4 | Br | OAC | SO4 | NO2 | NO3 | H2O | Salts | Cond | Cond | Na | SAR | |||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | (- - - - - mmol(+) L-1 - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mmol(-) L-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - % - - - -) | (- - dS m-1 - -) | % | |||||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | -- | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | -- |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
pH & Carbonates | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | |||
(- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - Carbonate - -) | (- - Gypsum - - -) | ||||||||||||
CaCl2 | As CaCO3 | As CaSO4*2H2O | Resist | |||||||||||
Depth | 0.01M | H2O | Sat | <2mm | <20mm | <2mm | <20mm | ohms | ||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | Prep | KCl | 1:2 | 1:1 | Paste | Oxid | NaF | (- - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - -) | cm-1 | |||
4C1a2a | 4C1a2a | 4E1a1a1a1 | ||||||||||||
13N03625 | 0-5 | A | S | 5.2 | 5.8 | tr | ||||||||
13N03626 | 5-17 | Ap | S | 4.2 | 5.0 | tr | ||||||||
13N03627 | 17-31 | BA | S | 3.9 | 4.8 | tr | ||||||||
13N03628 | 31-54 | Bt1 | S | 3.9 | 4.7 | tr | ||||||||
13N03629 | 54-76 | Bt2 | S | 3.9 | 4.6 | tr | ||||||||
13N03630 | 76-110 | 2Bt3 | S | 3.9 | 4.7 | tr | ||||||||
13N03631 | 110-175 | 2B4 | S | 4.0 | 4.7 | tr | ||||||||
13N03632 | 175-200 | 3BC1 | S | 3.9 | 4.4 | tr | ||||||||
13N03633 | 200-250 | 3BC2 | S | 3.8 | 4.5 | tr |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
Clay Mineralogy (<.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Elemental | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | Na2O | Retn | preta | |||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7A1b1 | 7A2a | tion | |||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
13N03628 | 31.0-54.0 | Bt1 | tcly | KK 5 | MT 3 | VR 1 | MI 1 | KK 57 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
13N03630 | 76.0-110.0 | 2Bt3 | tcly | KK 5 | MT 5 | VR 2 | KK 51 | GE 9 | CMIX | ||||||||||||
13N03632 | 175.0-200.0 | 3BC1 | tcly | MT 5 | KK 5 | VR 3 | SMEC |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
tcly - Total Clay <0.002 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
GE Goethite | KK Kaolinite | MI Mica | MT Montmorillonite | VR Vermiculite |
RELATIVE PEAK SIZE: | 5 Very Large | 4 Large | 3 Medium | 2 Small | 1 Very Small | 6 No Peaks |
INTERPRETATION (BY HORIZON): | ||||
CMIX - Mixed Clay | SMEC - Smectitic |
*** Primary Characterization Data *** |
Pedon ID: S2013MD027003 | ( Howard, Maryland ) | Print Date: Nov 23 2024 6:25AM |
Sampled As | : | Russett | Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Paleudults | ||
USDA-NRCS-NSSC-Soil Survey Laboratory | ; | Pedon No. 13N9291 |
Sand - Silt Mineralogy (2.0-0.002 mm) | -1- | -2- | -3- | -4- | -5- | -6- | -7- | -8- | -9- | -10- | -11- | -12- | -13- | -14- | -15- | -16- | -17- | -18- | |||
X-Ray | Thermal | Optical | EGME | Inter | |||||||||||||||||
Tot Re | Grain Count | Retn | preta | ||||||||||||||||||
Depth | Fract | 7B1a2 | tion | ||||||||||||||||||
Layer | (cm) | Horz | ion | ( - - - - - - - - peak size - - - - - - - - - ) | (- - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - -) | (- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) | mg g-1 | ||||||||||||||
13N03628 | 31.0-54.0 | Bt1 | fs | 80 | QZ 60 | FE 17 | FK 15 | BT 3 | CD 2 | MS 2 | SMIX | ||||||||||
OP 1 | PR 1 | FP 1 | HN tr | RU tr | ZR tr | ||||||||||||||||
13N03630 | 76.0-110.0 | 2Bt3 | fs | 61 | FE 41 | FK 33 | QZ 18 | MS 3 | BT 3 | CD 1 | SMIX | ||||||||||
FP 1 | OP 1 | PR tr | |||||||||||||||||||
13N03632 | 175.0-200.0 | 3BC1 | fs | 39 | FK 41 | FE 30 | BT 16 | QZ 8 | MS 3 | OP 1 | SMIX | ||||||||||
FP 1 | HN tr | CD tr | PR tr |
FRACTION INTERPRETATION: | ||||
fs - Fine Sand 0.1-0.25 mm |
MINERAL INTERPRETATION: | ||||
BT Biotite | CD Chert (Chalcedony | FE Iron Oxides (Goethite | FK Potassium Feldspar | FP Plagioclase Feldspar |
HN Hornblende | MS Muscovite | OP Opaques | PR Pyroxene | QZ Quartz |
RU Rutile | ZR Zircon |
INTERPRETATION (BY HORIZON): | ||||
SMIX - Mixed Sand |